About Mushrooms
About Mushrooms
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Mushroom constitute a source of nine essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine) that humans can not synthesize
Mushroom constitute a source of nine essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine) that humans can not synthesize
Mushrooms are the plant of immortality - that’s what ancient Egyptians believed according to the Hieroglyphics of 4600 BC. The delicious flavor of mushrooms intrigued the pharaohs of Egypt so much that they decreed mushrooms as food for royalty. In various other civilizations throughout the world, including Russia, China, Greece, Mexico and Latin America, mushroom rituals were practiced. Many believed that mushrooms had properties that could produce super-human strength; help in finding lost objects and lead the soul to the realm of the gods.
From time immemorial, mushrooms have been valued by humankind as a culinary wonder and folk medicine in Oriental practice. The last decade has witnessed the overwhelming interest of western research fraternity in pharmaceutical potential of mushrooms. The chief medicinal uses of mushrooms discovered so far are as anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, nephroprotective, and anti-microbial agents. The mushrooms credited with success against cancer belong to the genus Phellinus, Pleurotus, Agaricus, Ganoderma, Clitocybe, Antrodia, Trametes, Cordyceps, Xerocomus, Calvatia, Schizophyllum, Flammulina, Suillus, Inonotus, Inocybe, Funlia, Lactarius, Albatrellus, Russula, and Fomes. The anti-cancer compounds play crucial role as reactive oxygen species inducer, mitotic kinase inhibitor, anti-mitotic, angiogenesis inhibitor, topoisomerase inhibitor, leading to apoptosis, and eventually checking cancer proliferation.[1]
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus
(White Button Mushroom)
(White Button Mushroom)
A. bisporus is rich in protein (29.14%), carbohydrate (51.05%), fat (1.56%). It is a good source of K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, Se, Co and Mn . The main constituents in mushroom fruiting bodies are potassium and phosphorus and are usually followed by Ca, Mg, Na and Fe, Zn. It is a good source of folic acid (0.09–0.08 mg/ kg), riboflavin(0.27–0.29 mg/kg), niacin (3.6–2.9 mg/kg), and thiamin (0.085–0.09 mg/kg). It is low in fat content, but they contain some essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid.
Antioxidant, anti-diabetic and antibacterial properties of A. bisporus were reported some studies A. bisporus extracts can be potentially applied in Alzheimer’s disease treatment reported that due to their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibiting activity. The metabolites of A. bisporus has numerous medicinal activities such as anti-cancer, anti-cardiovascular diseases, anti-hypercholesterol, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, human health supporting and immune enhancer.[2]
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Agaricus bitorquis
Agaricus bitorquis
Agaricus bitorquis, a species originally found in nature, produces snowwhite, tasty and well storable fruiting bodies on the common mushroom substrate.[3] A. bitorquis was first taken into cultivation in 1968. It differs from A.bisporus, the only mushroom cultivated previously, in a range of properties. The claims for temperature are about 5 degrees C higher. The fruitbodies (white smooth) are more vigorous than the sporophores of the white, scale-less strains of A.bisporus. Especially valuable characteristics which A. bitorquis brings are virus resistance, resistance to pressure, easy pickability and longer shelflife.[4]
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Agrocybe aegerita
Agrocybe aegerita
Poplar mushroom, Chestnut mushroom)
Poplar mushroom, Chestnut mushroom)
An edible mushroom and important source of bioactive secondary metabolites such as indole derivatives with free radical scavenging activity, and cylindan with anticancer activity. Used for strengthening the spleen functions and promoting diuresis for hundreds of years, which associate with hyperuricemia. It has antioxidant and potential anti-aging effects. It is widely popular in Japan, Korea, Australia and China.[5]
A research study confirmed that Agrocybe aegerita polysaccharide could prolong the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster, alleviate oxidative stress induced by H2O2, enhance the anti-oxidative stress ability of Drosophila and mice, and regulate the composition of intestinal microbiota in mice, suggesting that AAPS has good antioxidant and anti-aging functions.[6]
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Auricularia polytricha
Auricularia polytricha
(wood ear mushroom)
(wood ear mushroom)
Decreases hepatic lipid accumulation and improves antioxidative status in animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver.[7]
It is a good source of fatty esters, fatty acids and ergosterol. These natural products exhibit anti-HIV-1 properties by blocking HIV-1 PR.[8] Its soluble polysaccharide decreases the serum concentrations of blood lipid to the normal level.[9]
Exhibits the ability to adsorb glucose and to suppress the activity of alpha-amylase; it might contribute a beneficial effect on postprandial levels of blood sugar.[10]
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Calocybe indica
Calocybe indica
(Milky White Mushroom)
(Milky White Mushroom)
Calocybe indica is rich in protein, flavonoids, lipid, fiber, carbohydrate and vitamin and incorporates an ample amount of essential amino acid and low fat product.[11] It is rich source of thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, and ascorbic acid. It has become the third commercially grown mushroom in India after button and oyster mushrooms.[12]
The research findings demonstrated that the administration of lyophilized and oven-dried extract of Calocybe indica provide effective protection against oxidative damage in liver and kidney STZ-induced diabetic rats. The results suggest that polyphenol compound present in extract improve the physiology of rats affected by diabetes. These polyphenol attributed to normalise the blood glucose, also improve the structural integrity of the kidney, liver and pancreas unlike hypoglycemic agent like Glibenclamide.[11]
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Cordyceps militaries
Cordyceps militaries
Beneficial to act as pro-sexual, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant/anti-aging, anti-tumour/anti-cancer/anti-leukemic,anti-proliferative,anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory
Anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, insecticidal, larvicidal, anti-fibrotic, steroidogenic, Hypoglacaemic, hypolipidaemic, anti-angiogenetic, anti-diabetic, anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-fatigue, neuroprotective, liver-protective, reno-protective as well as pneumo-protective
Let alone their other synergistic activities, which let it be marketable in the western countries as over-the-counter medicine.[13]
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Flammulina filiformis
Flammulina filiformis
Flammulina filiformis is one of the four major edible types of fungus in the world and has been cultivated in China since 800 CE and it is rich in Lysine.[14, 15]
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Flammulina velutipes
Flammulina velutipes
(golden needle mushroom)
(golden needle mushroom)
It was first cultivated in China during the 8th century. It is one of the main edible mushrooms on the market, has long been recognized for its nutritional value and delicious taste. Flammulina ranks at fourth place in the category of edible mushrooms for production and consumption.
It contains 31.2 per cent protein, 5.8 per cent fat, 3.3 per cent fiber and 7.6 per cent ash on the basis dry material.
Winter mushroom contains compounds that prevent as well as cure liver disease and gastroenteric ulcers provided it is taken on a regular basis.
Antitumor and anticancer activities, anti-atherosclerotic and thrombosis inhibition activity, antihypertensive and cholesterol lowering effects, anti-aging and antioxidant properties, ability to aid with restoring memory and overcoming learning deficits, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, ribosome inactivation and melanosis inhibition.[16]
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Ganoderma lucidium
Ganoderma lucidium
(Reshi - Mushroom of Immortality )
(Reshi - Mushroom of Immortality )
Medicinal uses of G. lucidum in ancient Far East countries included the treatment of neurasthenia, debility from prolonged illness, insomnia, anorexia, dizziness, chronic hepatitis, hypercholesterolemia, coronary heart disease, hypertension, prevention of altitude sickness, treatment of ‘‘deficiency fatigue,’’ carcinoma, and bronchial cough in the elderly. It has been reported to have a number of pharmacological effects including immunomodulating, antiatherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, chemopreventive, antitumor, radioprotective, sleep- promoting, antibacterial, antiviral (including anti-HIV), hypolipidemic, antifibrotic, hepatoprotective, diabetic, antioxidative and radical-scavenging, anti-aging, hypo- glycemic, and anti-ulcer properties. Reishi has now become recognized as an alternative adjuvant in the treatment of leukemia, carcinoma, hepatitis, and diabetes. [17]
Today it is a multi-billion dollar industry wherein Lingzhi is cultivated or collected from the wild and consumed as a tea, in alcoholic beverages, and as a nutraceutical to confer numerous health benefits.[18]
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Grifola frondosa
Grifola frondosa
The crude water extracts, isolated fractions and purified components have shown a number of bioactivities, including antitumor, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antidiabetic, lipid metabolism regulation, hypertension control and antioxidation. Polysaccharides, which represent the most significant bioactive components of G. frondosa, contribute to many of its bioactivities and health benefits. The most successful and valuable health products from this fungal species are represented by the polysaccharide fractions and polysaccharide protein complexes, including the D-fraction or the MD-fraction and Grifolan, which have been approved for human use in immunotherapy and complimentary treatment of cancers with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.[19]
The fruit body of Grifola frondosa (maitake), Basidiomycetes was confirmed to contain substances with anti-diabetic activity. When 1g/d of powdered fruit body of maitake was given orally to a genetically diabetic mouse (KK-Ay), blood glucose reduction was observed, in contrast to the control group in which the blood glucose increased with ageing. Moreover, levels of insulin and triglyceride in plasma demonstrated a change similar to blood glucose with feeding of maitake.[20]
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Hericium erinaceus
Hericium erinaceus
(Lion's Mane Mushroom)
(Lion's Mane Mushroom)
Long history of usage in traditional Chinese medicine.
This mushroom is rich in some physiologically important components, especially β-glucan polysaccharides, which are responsible for anti-cancer, immuno-modulating, hypolipidemic, antioxidant and neuro-protective activities of this mushroom. It has also been reported to have anti-microbial, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, wound healing properties among other therapeutic potentials.[21]
The reported health-promoting properties of the mushroom fruit bodies, mycelia, and bioactive pure compounds include antibiotic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antifatigue, antihypertensive, antihyperlipodemic, antisenescence, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties and improvement of anxiety, cognitive function, and depression. The described anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immunostimulating properties in cells, animals, and humans seem to be responsible for the multiple health-promoting properties.[22]
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Lentinula edodes
Lentinula edodes
Nutritionally rich and contains numerous minerals (Potassium, Manganese, Magnesium, Iron, and Phosphorus) and vitamins (pro-vitamin D2, vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, and niacin) which make it a potential source of nutrition. Shiitake mushrooms contain essential macro and micronutrients as well as many bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, antioxidants, dietary fiber, and ergosterol. Because of presence of many bioactive compounds, it can simultaneously act as an antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer/antitumor, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anticholesterol, antioxidative, antiaging, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory agent. [23]
It is used to improve general health for thousands of years in Asia. It is the second largest cultivated and the most popular edible mushroom in the world known as “Xianggu” in China and “Shiitake” in Japan. The antitumor property of lentinan was reported in 1960s. Biochemical studies indicate that immunocytes can be activated by lentinan through multiple signaling pathways, such as TLR4/Dectin1-MAPK and Syk-PKC-NFκB pathways.[24]
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Morchella conica
Morchella conica
Morels have been in use in traditional medicine for centuries, due to their health-related benefits, and current research demonstrated their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory bioactivities, in addition to immunostimulatory and anti-tumor properties. In spite of the high demand for morels and their increasing economic importance, their cultivation is limited, and they are either used as wild harvested or fermented in culture, for consumption as a functional food and for food-flavoring. Morel's health benefits were attributed mainly to polysaccharides as the active compounds, and to various phytochemicals, mainly phenolic compounds, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and vitamin D.[25]
The multipurpose Himalayan mushroom Morchella conica is one of the most popular wild high valued edible mushrooms throughout the world. It makes a good income generating source for rural livelihood. This study mainly focuses on the nutritional constituents of M. conica and its medicinal uses with social and financial values for rural livelihood. Nutritional analysis was conducted based on moisture, ash, crude fats, proteins and carbohydrates. The highest value of carbohydrate was 36.5% followed by protein 35.0%, crude fiber 28.8%, crude fat 12.0%, ash 8.2% and moisture 8.0%.[26]
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Pleurotus citrinopileatus
Pleurotus citrinopileatus
(Golden and Yellow)
(Golden and Yellow)
Pleurotus citrinopileatus is an edible mushroom, which has recently become very popular, with a consequent increase in industrial production. Water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS), extracted from edible mushrooms, have been found to have antitumor and immunoenhancing effects.[27] P. citrinopileatus water extract (PWE) has great potential as functional foods for management of obesity and/or associated metabolic disorders.[28] It can be boiled, fried, pickled or dried. Some people boil it for 15 minutes and then fry it, but can be fried and eaten without pre-boiling. it is very tasty.[29]
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Pleurotus djamor var roseus
Pleurotus djamor var roseus
(pink oyster mushroom)
(pink oyster mushroom)
P. djamor possesses nematicidal metabolites, which could be used as an alternative anthelmintic treatment.[30] Its powder can be used to lower the risk of lifestyle diseases, including diabetes, and to alleviate malnutrition.[31] Pink oyster mushroom has benefits such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and DNA protective effects.[32]
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Pleurotus eryngii
Pleurotus eryngii
A study demonstrated that polysaccharides extracted from P. eryngii might be used as functional food to potentiate the antioxidant defenses and to reduce oxidative stress.[33] Polypeptide from Pleurotus eryngii mycelium has potential applications in functional foods as a natural anti-aging and anti-virus agent with antioxidant and immunostimulatory activities.[34] P. eryngii protein has a potential application in functional foods as a natural anti-tumour agent with immunostimulatory activity.[35]
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Pleurotus flabellatus
Pleurotus flabellatus
Pleurotus flabellatus was one of the most common edible mushrooms. It is able to utilize a wide range of agricultural wastes for its vegetative phase and fruitification. Some studies have reported that paddy substrates enhance the mycelial network at vegetative conditions and also produce mycelial density. The mushroom extract of P. flabellatus showed the highest radical scavenging activity through hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ranging from IC50 to 53.93 µg/ml.[36]
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Pleurotus florida
Pleurotus florida
Being a rich source of antioxidants, P. florida can be used as an accessible source of natural antioxidants with consequential health benefits.[37] A study suggest that P. florida polysaccharides may ameliorate hyperglycemia and hypercholesteremia associated with diabetes and Thus it could be used as adjunct therapy along with first-line therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.[38] Pleurotus florida possesses analgesic and anti- inflammatory potential which might be due to presence of myochemicals like flavonoids, phenolics and polysaccharides.[39] The findings of an experiment suggested that P. florida lectin has capability of modulating arsenic mediated toxic effects and could be helpful in ameliorating them.[40] This finding might be of therapeutic benefit in people suffering from chronic exposure to arsenic from natural sources, a global problem that is especially relevant to millions of people on the Indian subcontinent.[41]
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Pleurotus ostreatus
Pleurotus ostreatus
An edible oyster mushroom rich in functional ingredients (e.g., β-glucans), may improve glucose and lipid metabolism, blood pressure, body weight and appetite sensations.[42] Mushroom-based diet can support a healthy gut microbiome and reduce the need for antibiotics.[43] A study identify P. ostreatus in reducing lead toxicity and to provide dietary strategies for the treatment of lead toxicity.[44]
antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticholestrolic, antiarthritic, antioxidant, anticancer, eye health and antiviral activities.[45]
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Pleurotus sajor-caju
Pleurotus sajor-caju
It contains 52.46% carbohydrate, 25.65% protein, 12.13% fibre, 1.96% fat and 90% moisture.[46] Pleurotus sajor-caju is a tasty mushroom with high nutritional value, therapeutic properties and diverse environmental and biotechnological applications. It is nutritionally rich in protein, fibre, minerals and vitamins, and is low in calories with very low lipid or starch contents. This mushroom has also been widely used in traditional medicine because of its various bioactive properties, including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antitumor, antioxidant, antihypertensive (through active ingredients that affect the renin-angiotensin system, antidiabetic, preventing hyperglycemia and insulin resistance and anti-inflammatory. Its extract showed antioxidant properties (mainly reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition), antibacterial activity against MRSA and MSSA and cytotoxicity against NCI-H460, MCF-7 and HeLa.[47]
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Pleurotus sapidus
Pleurotus sapidus
Schizophyllum commune
Schizophyllum commune
(split-gill mushroom)
(split-gill mushroom)
The Schizophyllum species is well known to be edible, while reports indicate that S. commune has medicinal characteristics which include anticancer, antitumor and immunomodulating properties.
Its affect on diabetic rats caused significant decrease in blood glucose level and increase in body weight after 14 days experimental period. It significantly restored renal parameters including creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, fractional excretion of sodium, and potassium level in diabetic rats. Improved lipid profile and level of antioxidant parameters. Liver enzymes (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminases, and alkaline phosphatase) homeostasis was found to be markedly improved in diabetic rats administered with its extract.[48]
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Trametes versicolor
Trametes versicolor
Trametes versicolor, referred to as turkey tail’s Mushroom or Yun Zhi in China, is an edible mushroom that has extensive historical usage in conventional and traditional Chinese medicine. This mushroom contains an abundance of physiologically bioactive compounds, most notably β-glucan polysaccharides, which are responsible for antioxidant, neuroprotection, hypolipidemic effects, immune-modulating effects, and anticancer effects. Trametes versicolor has also been revealed to have wound healing, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antifibrotic, neurotrophic, and anti-inflammatory effects among other therapeutic efficacies. Regular consumption of this mushroom may keep people away from several life-threatening disorders.[49]
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Volvariella volvacea
Volvariella volvacea
(Straw mushroom)
(Straw mushroom)
Possess anti-tumor, immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory effects.
Nutritional Benefits: Rich source of protein, fibers (chitin), vitamins (large amount of vitamin C, and also all water soluble vitamins like riboflavin, biotin and thiamine), fats (5.7%), carbohydrates (56.8%), amino acids (all essential amino acids like alanine, arginine, glycine, serine etc.), unsaturated fatty acids, essential minerals (potassium, sodium and phosphorus) and has low calorific values.[50]
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Mushrooms are proven super-food. Supplementation of mushroom base recipes in mid-day meals will bridge the protein deficiency gap. Mushrooms are also rich in folic acid which is beneficial for brain health. It also contains Vitamin B2, Potassium, Copper, Zinc as well as Vitamin D which is rarely found in vegetable food. The Indian diet, which is chiefly based on cereals wheat and rice, is deficient in protein. Supplementation of mushroom base recipes in this diet will bridge this protein deficiency gap and thereby improve general health of children who belong to socio-economically backward classes. In earlier times mushrooms were considered as an expensive vegetable and were preferred only by affluent peoples for culinary purposes.
References:
References:
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